Urban water-quality management often depends on sparse and irregular monitoring data. This is particularly challenging in the context of microbiological hazards, where grab samples may fail to capture short-lived contamination peaks. The AQUAMON project develops an integrated monitoring and decision-support framework combining advanced sensors, automated monitoring, data-driven models and digital tools. Its objective is to transform heterogeneous monitoring data into actionable information for timely, risk-informed water management.
Within AQUAMON, KWB contributes two Bayesian approaches for supporting decisions under limited and uncertain data.
First, a quantitative microbial and chemical risk assessment (QMRA/QCRA) will combine literature-derived knowledge with site-specific observations using Bayesian networks and inferential methods. In the Turin use case, human-health and environmental risks will be assessed along the water-reuse chain, from raw wastewater through treatment and irrigation to exposure via crop consumption and direct contact, including contaminant fate in soil and potential transfer to groundwater. As monitoring data accumulates, the assessment will be updated sequentially, showing how risk estimates and uncertainties evolve and where additional data provide the greatest value. Applications are also planned in Lviv and London.
Second, an enhanced version of KWB’s early-warning model SWIM:AI will support adaptive bathing-water monitoring in Paris. Using rainfall, river-flow and E. coli data, the model predicts bathing-water quality and quantifies predictive uncertainty. Bayesian novelty detection will identify situations where existing information is insufficient and trigger on-demand E. coli measurements using the Fluidion ALERT in-situ sensor. New observations will then be incorporated into subsequent predictions.
Together, these approaches aim to move from fixed monitoring towards uncertainty-aware, adaptive monitoring that collects additional data where they provide the greatest value for risk-informed decisions. As AQUAMON runs until the end of 2028, the poster presents the methodological framework and planned applications rather than project results.