Schwarzmüller, H. , Menz, C. (2013): WELLMA-2 Synthesis report.

Kompetenzzentrum Wasser Berlin gGmbH

Abstract

Objective of this synthesis report is to summarize the main achievements of the WELLMA-2 project. Based on the preparatory phase WELLMA-1 (2007-2009), the main project phase WELLMA-2 (2009-2012) included extensive laboratory, pilot-scale and field site investigations aiming at optimizing the operation and maintenance of drinking water production wells with respect to costs, energy efficiency and sustainability. The main reason for inefficient well performance is so-called well ageing. Deposit formation due to multiply correlated biological, chemical and/ or physical clogging processes in and around the well cause a decrease in performance. Thus, the interdisciplinary WELLMA-project team aimed at improving the efficiency of drinking water production wells by providing a scientific basis to support operators in their efforts to reduce well ageing. This included the development of guidance and recommendations for an adapted and well-planned operation scheme and maintenance strategy to sustain or reinstall the well performance. Well ageing processes were intensively studied at a multitude of vertical drinking water production wells located in Berlin, Germany and near Bordeaux, France. Thereby, classical monitoring and diagnosis methods, such as pumping tests and TV inspections, but also newly developed own experimental setups, such as the in-situ measurement of oxygen, depth-oriented water sampling or the exposure of object slides and bio-reactors for biofilm growth were applied. This synthesis report follows the project outline featuring four work packages dealing with (i) the identification of ageing types and the site-specific ageing potential from optimal data processing of site and well characteristics to provide decision support for the diagnosis and subsequent optimisation of well operation, monitoring and maintenance, (ii) field methods and experimental setups applied within the WELLMA-project to investigate mixing processes, oxygen uptake and biofilm formation, (iii) the impacts of intermittent operation on the uptake potential and distribution patterns of oxygen, and (iv) the efficiency of hydrogen peroxide treatments for preventive well maintenance against biochemically induced iron ochre formation and the oxygen uptake potential correlated to the decomposition of H2O2. Intermediate data were presented at various occasions at scientific and practiceoriented conferences, e.g. the Association for General and Applied Microbiology (VAAM), the International Water Association (IWA) Groundwater conference, International Association of Hydrogeologists (IAH), Berlin-Brandenburger Brunnentage, Wasser Berlin etc. and in related papers. A publication list is given at the end of this synthesis report.

Schwarzmüller, H. , Grützmacher, G. , Orlikowski, D. , Alary, M. , David, B. , Besnard, K. (2012): Evaluation of the ageing potential of drinking water wells to optimize well operation and maintenance..

p 12 In: 39th International Association of Hydrogeologists Congress. Niagara Falls, Canada. 16-21 September 2012

Abstract

Approximately 70% of the drinking water in Germany (BGR) and about 50% worldwide (IGREC 2011) are abstracted from groundwater using filter wells. Their implementation, operation and maintenance are major factors contributing to the costs of drinking water production. According to an international survey (Howsam, Misstear & Jones 1995 ), 40% of worldwide used water abstraction wells work inefficiently in terms of well performance or water quality. This implies high costs and a great potential for improvement, both for the (re-) construction of new wells (capital investment) and well operation (energy consumption, maintenance needs). The main reason for inefficient well performance is so-called well ageing, i.e. the decrease in performance due to biological, chemical and / or physical processes in and around the well. Dominant factors determining type, extension and location of deposits are the geology of the exploited aquifer together with the qualitative properties of the abstracted water, the well design (dimensions and materials), construction (drilling method) and operation. The project WellMa, initiated and financed by the Berliner Wasserbetriebe (BWB) and Veolia Eau, and coordinated at the Berlin Centre of Competence for Water (KWB), aimed at improving the efficiency of drinking water abstraction wells by identifying, evaluating and testing methods of well management including design, operation and maintenance to slow down well ageing. Set into relation to ranges, in which ageing processes are known to occur, the initial data of well sites were used to differentiate a low, medium or high potential for the occurrence of well ageing and to define the monitoring needs accordingly. Well ageing processes were distinguished into six types, each of them implying different pre-requisites and site conditions and leading to different monitoring and/ or maintenance requirements. For carbonate scaling, iron ochre formation, biofouling, corrosion, colmation and sand intake pre-requisites, triggers and threshold conditions were identified and implemented in a decision support system enabling well operators to prioritize the needs for monitoring, diagnosis or maintenance action taking into account the specific well and site characteristics.

Abstract

The capacity of drinking water abstraction wells, which is the yield for a given drawdown of the water level, is often decreasing after a certain time of operation. This well ageing can be caused in carbonate aquifers by a chemical process : calcite precipitation. Using an hydrogeochemical model developped during the internship, the quantity of precipitated calcite and the time required to fill up the bore are estimated. It is then showed that carbonate precipitation is enhanced by chemical and physical parameters (hydrogenocarbonate concentrations, temperature) as well as the operating of the well (pumping and resting).

Abstract

Brunnen werden seit Jahrtausenden zur Wassergewinnung genutzt. Doch erst seit wenigen Jahren spielt neben der Ergiebigkeit auch die Nachhaltigkeit von Brunnen eine Rolle, da Neubaugenehmigungen immer schwieriger und langwieriger zu erhalten sind. Durch optimale Auslegung des Brunnens und die Wahl des richtigen Standorts wird versucht, eine möglichst lange Betriebszeit zu erreichen. Trotz bester Voraussetzungen nimmt die Förderleistung von Brunnen im Laufe ihres Betriebes ab, das als Brunnenalterung bezeichnet wird. Die Alterungsrate ist abhängig von den geologischen und hydrochemischen Bedingungen, dem Brunnenausbau und dem Betrieb. Mithilfe vorbeugender oder reaktiver Instandhaltungsmaßnahmen wird versucht, die Leistung eines Brunnens möglichst lange zu erhalten oder wiederherzustellen. Die Wirtschaftlichkeit von Instandhaltungsmaßnahmen lässt zum „Lebensende“ eines Brunnens jedoch nach. Dann sollte der Ersatz des Brunnens geplant werden. Die vorliegende Arbeit ist Teil des durch das vom Kompetenzzentrum Wasser Berlin (KWB) durchgeführten Forschungsprojektes WELLMA, welches sich mit dem Betrieb und der Pflege von Trinkwasserbrunnen zur Optimierung der Leistung und der Wasserqualität beschäftigt. Hierfür sollte eine Methode getestet werden, die die Wirtschaftlichkeit von Regenerierungen eines Trinkwasserbrunnens mittels eines Vergleiches der Steigung der alterungsbedingten Betriebskosten und der Umlage des Gebrauchswertes bewertet. Ist die Steigung der Gebrauchswertumlage größer als die der alterungsbedingten Betriebskosten, lohnt sich eine weitere Regenerierung. Im gegenteiligen Fall wäre es wirtschaftlicher, den betroffenen Brunnen neu zu bauen. Außerdem sollte das wirtschaftliche Minimum der alterungsbedingten Betriebskosten prognostiziert werden, um daraus die Dauer der anstehenden Betriebsperiode ableiten zu können. Die Berechnung des methodischen Ansatzes erfolgte am Beispiel vier ausgewählter Brunnen der Berliner Wasserbetriebe. Zwei der vier Referenzbrunnen wurden aufgrund ihrer regelmäßigen präventiven Instandhaltung mit Wasserstoffperoxid (H2O2) ausgewählt, um zusätzlich deren Auswirkung auf die Wirtschaftlichkeit von Regeneriermaßnahmen beurteilen zu können. Die Berechnung der Referenzbrunnen bestätigte die Praxistauglichkeit des gewählten Verfahrens. Ausschlaggebende Parameter für die Kalkulation sind u.a. die spezifische Ergiebigkeit, die Anzahl der Betriebsstunden sowie die jährliche Abnahme der Fördermenge. Zudem bestätigte sich, dass durch den Einsatz von H2O2 eine Steigerung der spezifischen Ergiebigkeit erzielt wurde, in dessen Folge die Wahrscheinlichkeit auf eine weitere wirtschaftliche Regenerierung erhöht wird.

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